The old DMG had a brief list:
Gem Type Effects or Uses
Agate Restful and safe sleep
Alexandrite Good omens
Amber Wards off diseases
Amethyst Prevents drunkenness or drugging
Beryl Wards off foes
Bloodstone Weather control
Carbuncle Powers of dragon's sight
Carnelian Protection from evil
Cats' eye agate Protection from spirits
Chalcedony Wards off undead
Chrysoberyl Protection from possession
Chrysolite Wards off spells
Chrysaprase Invisibility
Coral Calms weather, safety in river crossing,
cures madness, stanches bleeding
Diamond Invulnerability vs. undead
Hematite Aids fighters, heals wounds
Jacinth Luck travelling, wards off plague,
protection from fire
Jade Skill at music and musical instruments
Jasper Protection from venom
Jet Soul object material
Lapis Lazuli Raises morale, courage
Malachite Protection from falling
Malachite & Sunstone Wards off spells, evil spirits, and poisons
Moonstone Causes lycanthropy
Olivine Protection from spells
Onyx Causes discord amongst enemies
Peridot Wards off enchantments
Ruby Gives good luck
Sapphire Aids understanding of problems, kills spiders,
boosts magical abilities
Sapphire, Star Protection from magic
Sard Benefits wisdom
Serpentine Adds to wile and cunning
Topaz Wards off evil spells
Turquoise Aids horses in all ways (but stone shatters
when it operates)
The caveat on the list is that it is given for the DM's aid in creating formulae, and mere possession of the gem does not convey the properties listed.
Anyway, that's an old, old list, but it's a good palce to start.